從過往的研究來看,研究者們認為能夠學會一個詞所需要的接觸次數在5次到16次之間(Nation, 1990) (Nation1990)。之所以存在5次到16次這麼大範圍的變異,Schmitt (2010) 認為和接觸時的方式以及學習者投入的程度有關。
如果第一語言閱讀的情況下,不經意地學習(incidental learning),能夠在一次接觸的情況下,掌握新詞詞義的機會界於5%到16%(nagy1997)(Nagy, 1997) 。而第二語言的情況下,雖然能夠說有學習的發生,但是都不太穩固(Paribakht & Wesche, 1993; Horst & Meara, 1999; Pigada & Schmitt, 2006) 。
如果是刻意地學習(intentional learning)時,學習的成果都比不經意地學習更好。儘管如此,學習的成果還是隨著時間衰退。但是,如果學習者投入的程度高的時候,例如透過hulstijn1997的關鍵字方法的話,即使只有一次的接觸,都可以產生在詞彙裡形式和意義的連結。
Schmitt (2010) 認為,學習詞語的過程是一個階段、一個階段的(incremental),所以在進行詞彙教學的時候,應該讓詞語循環地出現(recycling)。最簡單的方式是選擇依照循環原則出現詞語的教科書。然而,大多數的時候,老師是無法選擇教科書的,因此透過一些課堂活動,例如:詞彙遊戲、有意地回顧或把教過的字放在例句中,都是可以用來把重要的語言點標識出來的方式。
References
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Horst, M. & Meara, P. (1999). Test of a model for predicting second language lexical growth through reading. Canadian Modern Language Review, 56(2), 308-328.
Hulstijn, J. H. (1997). Mnemonic methods in foreign language vocabulary learning: Theoretical considerations and pedagogical implications. In (), Second language vocabulary acquisition: A rationale for pedagogy. Cambridge University Press.
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Paribakht, T. S. & Wesche, M. B. (1993). Reading comprehension and second language development in a comprehension-based ESL program. TESL Canada journal, 11(1), 09-29.
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Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in language teaching. Cambridge University PRess.
Schmitt, N. (2010). Key issues in teaching and learning vocabulary. In (Ed.), Insights into non-native vocabulary teaching and learning (pp. 28-40). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.